Philosophy

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=Definition =

Etymologically, philosophy mean “love a the wisdom”. the philosophy is a type of to knowledge that specific a group of characteristic specifics: the philosophy is a knowledge rational, radical, autonomous and critical. The philosophy have originally in the Greece in VI a.C. century.
 * ==**Philosophy** ==

=**Philosophers** =

(III–IV in century) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato andSocrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
 * ==Aristotle ==




 * ==**Plato **==

(IV – V in century), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor,Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of natural philosophy , science ,  and Westerm philosophy . Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by what he saw as his teacher's unjust death.



David Hume (7 May 1711– 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher and historian, regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist
 * ==Hume ==



He was born in 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650,was a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy", and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which continue to be studied closely to this day. In particular, his //Meditations on First Philosophy// continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is also apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system—allowing geometric shapes to be expressed in algebraic equations—was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution
 * ==Descartes ==

=**Theories **=


 * ==**Rationalism** ==

(XVII-XVIII in century) philosophical trend characterized for defend that the rason is the only source of knowledge. The rationalists holded the existence of innates ideas. This ideas, not procedent of the sensitives, but of the rason. The main rationalists are Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz.

(XVII-XVIII in century) philosophical trend characterized for defend that the sensitives doing possible the knowledge.The empiricists reject the existence of the innates ideas. Are having the induction as model of knowledge. The main empiriricists are Hume and Locke.
 * ==**Empiricism** ==

Philosophical trend characterized for having a radical conception of human being's liberty. Some philosophers who defend this theory are Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche.
 * ==**Existentialism **==

it is the theory to say that the society is appear by the contract that concret in a pact. This theory is defend by Hobbes and Locke.
 * ==**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Contractualism theory **==

it is the theory to say that the society is prior to individual. This theory is defend by Hegel and Marx.
 * ==<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Naturalist theory** ==


 * ==<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Theory of human sociability** ==

It is the theory to say that the human is unable and that the human is social by social in nature.


 * ==<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Logo ==

It is a rational explanation. Example: the logos socrático.

Allegoric statements led by gods and men that the marked one character didactic. It is characterized for personifying the natural forces and for giving an explanation of the cosmos and of different aspects of the reality. They are narrated in an arbitrary way and they were cosmogonies.
 * ==<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Myth ==

It is the set of stories and designed histories that try to give response to the origin of the Universe and of the man himself, which they us carry back to the original moment, in which the world was not formed(trained), where the constitutive elements are situated in disorder and the mythical statement provides the regrouping necessary for the global perception.
 * ==**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Cosmogonies **==

In the ancient greek phylosophy, arche is the beginning or the first principle of the world. The idea of an arche was first philosophized by Thales of miletus, who claimed that the first principle for all thing is water
 * ==**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Arche **==

For the philosophy, the reason is the faculty by virtue of which the human being is capable of identifying concepts and to question them. Of this form, it manages to determine the coherence or contradiction between them and can induce or deduce others different about which already it knows.
 * ==**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Reason **==


 * ==<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Perception** ==

it's the organitation and interpretation of the sensations that have. There are two types: phenomenal and phychological.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Memory**
it's the recogniton of the things that are perceived. Thanks to the memory the process of knowing is possible. Example: when I remember ¿alguna cosa?

Reality



Thought



<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Imagination**
It is act across the elements that the memory provides to him. Example: I imagine a light bulb.



<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Epistemology**
It is or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Ontology**
It is the philosophycal study of the nature of being existence or general reality,as well as of the basic categories of being and their relations.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Sensitive knowledge**
It is that knowledge that is received by means of the senses. Example: the board is green, because I perceive it as green that is my eyes perceived it is green colour.



<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Intellectual knowledge**
It is the knowledge of the universal and necessary. It's given only in the human being thanks to the intelligence. Example: the universal concept of cats.

= =

The different of two knowledge are; that the sensitive knowledge is perceived for the senses and the intellectual knowledge is perceived for reason.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Concept**
It is mental representation of something universal and necessary. Example: the man ( two legs, two arms, head...)



It is when to say something with the purpose of affirming it or to denying it. Example: every people are mortal. Other example is that the sun is a star.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Reasoning**
It is intellectual operation that consists of chaining several judgment to come to a condition. Example: Luis is mortal, the math..

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Formal logic**
It is appeared in the XX century, the formal logic it's the expression for mathematic language. Have got a session call polyvalent that also study the true and false other values as: possible, probability...

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Informal logic**
It is the study of arguments of the today life.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Tautological proposition**
It is when everything the values of indeed are true, we are speaking of this proposition.



<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Contradictory proposition**
It is when all the tables values are false, we are speaking of this proposition.



<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Indeterminate proposition**
It is when the tables of values are false or true we are speaking of this proposition.



<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Evolutionism**
It is told that the to be human begin of process of transformation of organism more simple a organism more complicate.

It is a theory that told that the society appear of the free agrement of the man, and is concretized in the pact. This theory is defend by Locke and Hobbes.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Naturalistic theory
It is a theory that told that the society is a state prior to the indiviadual. This theory is defend by Hegel and Marx.

=<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Determinisms =

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Theological determinism
It is a determinism that states that all is meant to divine knowledge. St. Agustine said that although god knows everything he does not have to be. Later, begins a protestant reformation in stating that human beings are redirected by god from eternity to salvation.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Physical determinism
It is a determinism based on the science of mechanistic laws, explain any fact as a funtion of their movement. Being human is also subject to these laws.